How to learn to read transcription

In the Russian language there are many cases of inconsistencies in the spelling and pronunciation of a word. This is because vowels and consonants are in a weak position. This is due to the laws of phonetics, spelling and spelling. Oral speech in accordance with the sound reflects only a special recording - transcription. To learn how to read transcription, you need to remember a few rules.

Instruction manual

one

Select all vowel sounds in the word and emphasize. The percussion sound will be in a strong position and the rest in a weak position. Relate them to the rules of spelling and spelling. For example, in the word [r'ika] we will deduce the letter “e” from the transcription, because the verification word “rivers” [hang] is an oar, because the verification word is “oars”.

2

Remember that the letters "e", "e", "yu", "I" play two roles depending on the position they occupy. If they stand after the consonants, then they indicate respectively the sounds [e], [o], [y], [a] and the softness of the previous consonant. At the beginning of a word, after a vowel, soft and hard signs, they indicate two sounds: [e] - [y'e], [e] - [y'o], [yu] - [i'u], I - [th 'a].

Read the words as follows. [T'em] - theme, [y'el '] - spruce, [y'akar'] - anchor, [ch'isy] - hours.

3

Consider several laws for transcribing consonants.

Unpronounceable consonants are not recorded in transcription: [masculine] - local.

Double consonants mean one long: [t'erasa] - terrace.

Sounds can be voiced and deafened: [dup] - oak, [kaz'ba] - mowing, [zb'egat '] - to escape.

Two consonants can be replaced by one long hissing one or [c] and [h ']: [squeeze'] - unclench, [sm'iy'atsa] - laugh.

4

Hard and soft signs of sounds do not denote, but they soften the previous consonant, separate the consonant from the vowel, indicate the grammatical form: [aby'om] - volume, [l'y'osh] - pouring.

5

Always remember the phoneme. It serves as a means of distinguishing between words and morphemes. Compare: [shelf] - [shelf], [angle] - [corner ']. If you do not notice the apostrophe denoting a soft consonant, then you will incorrectly derive the word from the transcription.

6

When reading a transcription, be sure to note that in some words of foreign origin, the letter "e" does not soften the previous consonant. The words [stent], [sv'iter], [t'ire] when removing from transcription write down this way: stand, sweater, dash.

7

Pay attention to the lexical meaning of the word, because some words may have the same transcription. For example, the word [sy'est] can be deduced both as "eat" and as "congress".

note

There is never a hard and soft sign in transcription, but they are displayed according to the rules of spelling.

Long consonants at the top are indicated by a horizontal bar.

Useful advice

To read words in transcription, apply all the rules together.