What is a paradigm

The paradigm in ancient philosophy was considered as a set of eternal ideas, a model in accordance with which the existing world was created. At present, the paradigm is defined as a community of fundamental scientific points of view, attitudes, and terminology, which are accepted by most of the community of scientists with similar scientific background and common scientific values.

Instruction manual

one

The paradigm develops the continuity of scientific interests and its development, the commonality of explicit and implicit assumptions that determine the development of science over a certain time period. Paradigm definitions are distinguished in various scientific disciplines - philosophy, linguistics, pedagogy, etc.

2

So, for example, in political science it is a commonality of the principles of cognition and ways of expressing the existing political reality at a certain point in time, which establish a logical model of data organization and a theoretical explanation of existing social phenomena.

In linguistics, a paradigm is a certain construction that serves as a standard for the declension, conjugation of a word.

3

In addition, the paradigm is distinguished as absolute, state, individual, generally accepted and scientific.

The generally accepted paradigm is called the best way to make decisions in various spheres of life, which is used by a large group of the population. The personal (individual) paradigm determines the methodology of decisions of a particular person based on his personal experience and his life position.

4

The use of this term was introduced by the American physicist and historian T.S. Kuhn, who focused on the fact that the historical development of science did not occur linearly, but represented a change in paradigms that clearly determine the choice in the study of a particular problem, as well as the methodology for their resolution. So, the paradigm of Aristotle’s physics was used until the 16-17th centuries, when scientists such as Galileo and Newton created a new paradigm that functioned until the 20th century, when it was replaced by the paradigm of the theory of relativity.

5

For Kuhn, the normal development of science meant, first of all, the stability of the existing paradigm. When one paradigm is replaced by another, a scientific revolution takes place. In the development of science, he distinguished 4 successive stages: the pre-paradigmatic, the period of dominance of the paradigm, the crisis of normal science and the period of the scientific revolution, accompanied by a change of paradigm to a new one.