How to get ketone

Ketones are substances containing a carbonyl group with two radicals. Radicals can be aromatic, alicyclic, limit or unsaturated aliphatic. Ketones can be obtained in the same ways as aldehydes.

Oxidation of secondary alcohols

Ketones are obtained by the oxidation of secondary alcohols. The oxidizing agent may be chromic acid, which is most often used in the form of a chromic mixture - sodium or potassium dichromate is mixed with acid. In some cases, sulfuric acid, permanganates of various metals, as well as manganese peroxide, are used.

Alcohol dehydrogenation

Another method for producing ketones is dehydrogenation (dehydrogenation) of alcohols. Secondary alcohols decompose into hydrogen and ketone by passing their vapors through a heated tube with hydrogen-reduced metal copper. Copper should be finely divided. This reaction can be carried out in the presence of iron, zinc or nickel, but it goes worse.

Dry distillation and contact method

Ketones can be obtained by dry distillation of barium and calcium salts of monobasic acids. Derivatives thereof, for example acid chlorides, are commonly used. As a result, calcium carbonate and a ketone with two identical radicals are formed.

Sometimes, instead of dry distillation, the contact method is used - the acid ketonization reaction. At an elevated temperature, acid fumes are passed over the catalyst; carbonic salts of barium or calcium, aluminum oxide or thorium, and manganese oxide can be used as it. First, salts of organic acids are formed, then they decompose into compounds that are catalysts for this reaction.

Dihaloid compounds

Ketones can be obtained by the interaction of dihaloid compounds with water, if both halogen atoms are at the same carbon atom. It could be assumed that there will be an exchange of halogen atoms with hydroxyls and the production of dihydric alcohols with hydroxyl groups located at the same carbon atom. In fact, such dihydric alcohols do not exist under ordinary conditions. They split off a water molecule, which leads to the formation of ketones.

Kucherov's reaction

When water acts on the homologues of acetylene in the presence of mercuric oxide salts, ketones are formed. This reaction was discovered by M.G. Kucherov in 1881-1884, for a long time it was very widely used in industry.